功夫 gōng fū — etimologia
功#
功 — U+529F · 部首 radical: 力 · 總筆畫 strokes: 5 · 注音 zhuyin: ㄍㄨㄥ · 拼音 pinyin: gōng / jyutping: gung1
Definições#
MDBG: meritorious deed or service / achievement / result / service / accomplishment / work (physics). Phono-semantic compound: signific 力, phonetic 工.
CantoDict: gung1 (high level tone)
chardb Academia Sinica:
- 功績、功勞 (merit; achievement)
- 工作、勞作 (work; labor)
- 成效、成功 (effectiveness; success)
- 技能、功夫 (skill; effort)
- 物理學用語，力×距離 (physics: work = force × distance)
- 堅固、精巧 (sturdy; exquisite)
- 喪服 (mourning garment)
- 通「攻」(alternative for 攻: attack; govern)
- 通「公」(alternative for 公: public)
- 通「貢」(alternative for 貢: tribute)
- 姓 (surname)
Decomposição e formas antigas (hanziyuan)#
Componentes: 力 lì (strength) + 工 gōng (work, also phonetic) Significado original: work, achievement Shuowen (hanziyuan): 以勞定國也從力從工工亦聲 (to stabilize the state through labor; from 力, from 工, 工 is also the phonetic) Variante antiga: 糼 (with 糹 silk radical) Formas atestadas: Oracle 0 · Bronze 1 · Seal 1 · Liushutong 24
Shuowen Jiezi completo (shuowen.org)#
說文: 以勞定國也。从力从工，工亦聲。(To stabilize the state through labor. From 力 [strength], from 工 [work]; 工 is also the phonetic element.)
段注 Duan Yucai: 司勳曰。國功曰功。鄭曰。保全國家若伊尹。許則舉祭法文以釋之也。詩。以奏膚公。傳曰。膚犬也。公、功也。此謂叚公爲功也。从力。工聲。古紅切。九部。(The Office of Merits says: “national merit is called 功.” Zheng says: “preserving the state like Yi Yin.” Xu [Shen] cites the Sacrificial Laws to explain it. The Odes: “to present the skinned dog.” The Commentary says: 膚 means “skinned”; 公 means 功. This means 公 is borrowed for 功. From 力. 工 is the phonetic. Fanqie: 古紅切. Rhyme division 9.)
Evolução de formas (xiaoxue yanbian)#
| Período | Script | Fonte/Artefato |
|---|---|---|
| Late Warring States, Jin (戰國晚期·晉) | Bronze (金) | 中山王壺 (Zhongshan King’s vessel) |
| Warring States, Chu (戰國·楚) | Bamboo slip | 上(1).䊷.5 |
| — | Seal (篆) | 說文·力部 (Shuowen, 力 section) |
| Qin (秦) | Seal (篆) | 兩詔橢量 (Two Edicts oval measure) |
| Western Han (西漢) | Clerical (隸) | 老子甲107 (Laozi manuscript A) |
| Western Han (西漢) | Clerical (隸) | 武威簡·服傳1 (Wuwei bamboo slips) |
| Han (漢) | Seal impression | 漢印徵 (Han seal collection) |
| Eastern Han (東漢) | Clerical (隸) | 武梁祠畫象題字 (Wuliang shrine inscriptions) |
| Eastern Han (東漢) | Clerical (隸) | 孔宙碑 (Kong Zhou stele) |
| Sun Wu / Eastern Wu (孫吳) | Clerical (隸) | 千甓亭·吳天璽塼 (Tianxi brick) |
Fonologia (xiaoxue shangguyin)#
中古音 Middle Chinese (Guangyun):
- 攝 Division: 通 Tōng · 韻 Rhyme: 東 Dōng · 聲 Tone: 平 level · 母 Initial: 見 jiàn (k-)
- 反切 Fanqie: 古紅切 · 等 Grade: 一 (I) · 開合 Open/Closed: 合 closed
上古音 Old Chinese:
- 高本漢 Karlgren: k-uŋ
- 王力 Wang Li: 東部, k-ɔŋ
- 董同龢 Dong Tonghe: 東部, k-ûŋ
- 周法高 Zhou Fagao: 東部, k-ewŋ
- 李方桂 Li Fanggui: 東部, k-ung
國語 Mandarin IPA: kuŋ
Divergências entre fontes#
O Shuowen no hanziyuan tem 老 onde shuowen.org tem 勞 — provável erro de OCR do hanziyuan. Shuowen.org e xiaoxue concordam: 以勞定國也.
Hanziyuan conta 0 formas oracle, mas o índice 甲骨文編 (207.1) listado no xiaoxue sugere referência ao caractere em inscrições oracle, possivelmente como variante. O caractere 功 é tardio na escrita — a forma bronze mais antiga é do período Warring States (中山王壺), consistente com a ausência de oracles.
Hanziyuan registra uma variante antiga 糼 com 糹 (silk) em vez de 力 (strength), sugerindo que “trabalho” originalmente tinha conotação têxtil. O chardb não menciona esta variante.
夫#
夫 — U+592B · 部首 radical: 大 · 總筆畫 strokes: 4 · 注音 zhuyin: ㄈㄨ · 拼音 pinyin: fū / fú · jyutping: fu1
Definições#
MDBG:
- fū: husband / man / manual worker / conscripted laborer (old)
- fú: (classical) this, that / he, she, they / (exclamatory final particle) / (initial particle, introduces an opinion)
CantoDict: fu1 (ambas as leituras mandarim convergem para fu1 em cantonês)
chardb Academia Sinica:
- 成年男子的通稱 (general term for adult male)
- 丈夫 (husband)
- 有品德的人 (man of integrity/virtue)
- 從事體力勞動的人 (manual laborer)
- 舊指服兵役等的人 (conscripted soldier, old usage)
- 大 (great, large)
- 古代官名 (ancient official title)
- 量詞，田畝面積單位 (measure word: unit of field area)
- 代詞，表第三人稱 (pronoun: third person — he/she/it/they)
- 代詞，指示近指 (pronoun: proximal demonstrative — this)
- 代詞，指示遠指 (pronoun: distal demonstrative — that)
- 代詞，表示全指 (pronoun: universal — all/everyone)
- 助詞，用於句首 (particle: sentence-initial, introduces opinion)
- 助詞，用於句尾 (particle: sentence-final, exclamatory)
- 姓 (surname)
Decomposição e formas antigas (hanziyuan)#
Componentes: 大 dà (person with arms spread) + 一 yī (hairpin on top of head) Significado original: adult man — a person (大) with a hairpin (一) tying his hair, marking adulthood Shuowen (hanziyuan): 丈夫也從大一以象簪也周制以八寸為尺十尺為丈人長八尺故曰丈夫凡夫之屬皆從夫 Formas atestadas: Oracle 13 · Bronze 25 · Seal 1 · Liushutong 20
Shuowen Jiezi completo (shuowen.org)#
說文: 丈夫也。从大，一以象簪也。周制以八寸爲尺，十尺爲丈。人長八尺，故曰丈夫。凡夫之屬皆从夫。(An adult man. From 大 [person]; 一 represents the hairpin. In the Zhou system, 8 inches made a foot, 10 feet made a 丈. A person is 8 feet tall, hence called 丈夫. All characters belonging to the 夫 group derive from 夫.)
段注 Duan Yucai: 从一大則爲天。从大一則爲夫。於此見人與天同也。天之一、冒大上。爲會意。夫之一、毌大首。爲象形。亦爲會意。一㠯象兂。兂、首筓也。俗作簪。(When 一 is above 大, it makes 天 [heaven]. When 大 is below 一, it makes 夫 [man]. Here we see that man and heaven are the same. The 一 in 天 caps the top of 大 — this is associative meaning. The 一 in 夫 pierces through the top of 大’s head — this is pictographic. Also associative. The 一 represents 兂 [zān], a hairpin for the head. The vulgar form is written 簪.)
依御覽宜補「冠而後簪、人二十而冠、成人也」十二字。此說以一象簪之意。甫無切。五部。(According to the Yülan, one should add: “one is capped and then pinned; at twenty one is capped; one is then an adult.” This explains why 一 represents the hairpin. Fanqie: 甫無切. Rhyme group 5.)
高鴻縉 Gāo Hóngjìn (《中國字例》): 夫，成人也。童子披髮，成人束髮，故成人戴簪。字倚大（人）畫其首髮戴簪形。童子長五尺，故曰五尺之童；成人長一丈（周尺），故曰丈夫；偉人曰大丈夫。(夫 means an adult. A child has loose hair; an adult ties his hair, so an adult wears a hairpin. The character leans on 大 [person] and draws the shape of hair with a hairpin. A child is 5 feet tall, hence “five-foot child”; an adult is 1 丈, hence 丈夫; a great man is called 大丈夫.)
Evolução de formas (xiaoxue yanbian)#
| Período | Script | Fonte/Artefato |
|---|---|---|
| Shang (商) | Oracle (甲) | 前5.32.1 |
| Early Western Zhou (西周早期) | Bronze (金) | 大盂鼎 (Dà Yú dǐng) |
| Late Western Zhou (西周晚期) | Bronze (金) | 善夫吉父鬲 (Shàn fū Jí fù lì) |
| Late Spring & Autumn (春秋晚期) | Bronze (金) | 邾公牼鐘 (Zhū gōng Kēng zhōng) |
| Late Warring States, Jin (戰國晚期·晉) | Bronze (金) | 中山王鼎 (Zhōngshān wáng dǐng) |
| Warring States, Jin (戰國·晉) | Seal (璽) | 璽彙0110 |
| Warring States, Chu (戰國·楚) | Bamboo slip | 包2.4, 包2.132, 曾170 |
| — | Seal (篆) | 說文·夫部 |
| Qin (秦) | Clerical (隸) | 睡虎地簡23.2 (Shuihudi bamboo slips) |
| Western Han (西漢) | Clerical (隸) | 老子甲4, 定縣竹簡25 |
| Eastern Han (東漢) | Clerical (隸) | 史晨碑 (Shǐ Chén bēi) |
Fonologia (xiaoxue shangguyin)#
中古音 Middle Chinese (Guangyun):
- 攝 Division: 遇 Yù · 韻 Rhyme: 虞 Yú · 聲 Tone: 平 level · 母 Initial: 非 fēi (p-)
- 反切 Fanqie: 甫無切 · 等 Grade: 三 (III) · 開合 Open/Closed: 合 closed
上古音 Old Chinese:
- 高本漢 Karlgren: p-i̯wo
- 王力 Wang Li: 魚部, p-ǐwa
- 董同龢 Dong Tonghe: 魚部, p-juaɡ
- 周法高 Zhou Fagao: 魚部, p-jwaɣ
- 李方桂 Li Fanggui: 魚部, p-jag
國語 Mandarin IPA: fu
Divergências entre fontes#
Todas as reconstruções Old Chinese dão inicial *p-, mas o mandarim moderno tem f-. Isto é regular: labiais *p- passaram a f- antes de vogais arredondadas no chinês médio tardio (séc. X–XI). O cantonês mantém f- (fu1), confirmando a mudança.
段注 de Duan Yucai acrescenta um detalhe que o Shuowen omite: a distinção entre 天 e 夫 depende da posição do traço 一 — acima de 大 é 天 (heaven), atravessando a cabeça de 大 é 夫 (man). “Aqui vemos que homem e céu são o mesmo” (於此見人與天同也). Esta leitura filosófica não aparece nas outras fontes.
Hanziyuan conta 13 oracle + 25 bronze. O xiaoxue yanbian mostra apenas 1 oracle e 4 bronzes como exemplos selecionados, mas os índices confirmam os números maiores. O caractere 夫 é bem atestado desde o período Shang — muito mais antigo que 功.
O chardb lista 15 acepções cobrindo ambos os tons. O MDBG separa claramente fū (substantivo) de fú (partícula gramatical). O cantonês não distingue: ambos são fu1.