Etimologia de Siu Nim Tau 小念頭 (Xiǎo Niàn Tóu / siu2 nim6 tau4)

小

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小 — U+5C0F · 部首 radical: 小 (small) · 總筆畫 strokes: 3 · 注音 zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄠˇ · 拼音 pinyin: xiǎo / jyutping: siu2

Definições

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MDBG: small / tiny / few / young

CantoDict: siu2 — small, tiny, few, young

chardb Academia Sinica (13 definições):

1. 細；微。與「大」相對 (fine; minute — opposite of 大 “large”)
2. 狹隘；不足 (narrow; insufficient)
3. 輕視 (to belittle)
4. 年幼的人 (young person)
5. 低微 (lowly)
6. 妾，小老婆 (concubine)
7. 短暫 (brief)
8. 將近 (approaching)
9. 謙詞。稱自己或與己有關的人或事物 (humble term for oneself or one’s affairs)
10. 表示對小輩的愛稱 (affectionate term for juniors)
11. 副詞。表示程度，相當於「稍微」、「略微」 (adverb: slightly)
12. 通「少」 (interchangeable with 少: few)
13. 姓 (a surname)

Decomposição e formas antigas (hanziyuan)

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Componentes: três pontos (three dots — 三點, pictographic) Significado original: small pieces (微小之物 — dust-like small things) Shuowen (hanziyuan): 物之微也從八丨見而分之凡小之屬皆從小 Formas atestadas: Oracle 19 · Bronze 69 · Seal 1 (S00785) · Liushutong 12

Shuowen Jiezi completo (shuowen.org)

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卷二 · 小部 · 反切: 私兆切 · 二部

說文: 物之微也。从八，丨見而分之。凡小之屬皆从小。(The minuteness of things. From 八 “divide”: a line 丨 appears and is split apart. All characters belonging to 小 follow from 小.)

段注 Duan Yucai: 物之微也。从八丨見而八分之。八、別也。象分別之形。故解从八爲分之。丨才見而輒分之。會意也。凡㮯物分之則小。私兆切。二部。

(The minuteness of things. From 八 and 丨: something appears and is divided into eight parts. 八 means “to separate” — it depicts the form of dividing. Hence from 八 means “to divide.” As soon as the stroke 丨 appears, it is immediately divided. This is a compound ideograph (會意). Whenever any thing is divided, it becomes small. Fanqie: 私兆切. Rhyme group 2.)

Evolução de formas (xiaoxue yanbian)

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Shuowen (xiaoxue): 「小，物之微也。从八，丨見而分之。」

Comentários de estudiosos:

• 商承祚 Shāng Chéngzuò《殷虛文字類編》: 「卜辭作三點，示微小之意，與古金文同。」(In oracle inscriptions it is written as three dots, indicating the idea of smallness — same as ancient bronze script.)
• 《漢語大字典》: 「甲骨文’小’像塵沙小物狀，與少本為一字，後分化為二字。」(Oracle bone 小 resembles tiny dust-like objects; originally the same character as 少 “few,” later differentiated into two.)

Fonologia (xiaoxue shangguyin)

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中古音 Middle Chinese (Guangyun):

• 攝 Division: 效 Xiào · 韻 Rhyme: 小 Xiǎo · 聲 Tone: 上 Rising · 母 Initial: 心 Xīn
• 反切 Fanqie: 私兆切 · 等 Grade: 三 3rd · 開合 Open/Closed: 開 Open
• 清濁 Voicing: 全清 Voiceless unaspirated

上古音 Old Chinese:

• 高本漢 Karlgren: s- / i̯oɡ
• 王力 Wang Li: 宵部 Xiāo, s- / ǐau
• 董同龢 Dong Tonghe: 宵部 Xiāo, s- / jɔɡ
• 周法高 Zhou Fagao: 宵部 Xiāo, s- / jiaw
• 李方桂 Li Fanggui: 宵部 Xiāo, s- / jagwx

國語 Mandarin IPA: ɕiau

Divergências entre fontes

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Contagens de formas antigas: O hanziyuan lista 19 Oracle, 69 Bronze, 1 Seal. O xiaoxue yanbian encontra 11 formas: 3 Oracle (Shang), 2 Bronze (Western Zhou), 2 Warring States Qin, 1 Shuowen, 3 Han clerical. A diferença é enorme: 69 Bronze no hanziyuan vs. 2 no xiaoxue. O hanziyuan inclui todas as variantes gráficas; o xiaoxue seleciona exemplares representativos de cada período.

Decomposição — pictográfica vs. ideográfica: O Shuowen interpreta 小 como ideograma composto (會意): 八 “dividir” + 丨 “traço vertical” = dividir algo torna-o pequeno. O hanziyuan e os estudiosos modernos (Shāng Chéngzuò, Hànyǔ Dàzìdiǎn) interpretam como pictograma puro: três pontos representando grãos de pó ou areia. A interpretação moderna é mais consistente com as formas Oracle, que mostram efectivamente três pontos sem a estrutura 八+丨 do Shuowen.

小 e 少 como mesmo caractere original: O Hànyǔ Dàzìdiǎn nota que 小 e 少 eram originalmente o mesmo caractere nas inscrições Oracle, diferenciando-se posteriormente. Isto não aparece no Shuowen nem no MDBG.

念

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念 — U+5FF5 · 部首 radical: 心 (heart) · 總筆畫 strokes: 8 · 注音 zhuyin: ㄋㄧㄢˋ · 拼音 pinyin: niàn / jyutping: nim6

Definições

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MDBG: to read / to study (a subject) / to attend (a school) / to read aloud / to miss (sb) / idea / remembrance / twenty (banker’s anti-fraud numeral)

CantoDict: nim6 — think of; to read; to study; to miss; idea; remembrance; twenty

chardb Academia Sinica (8 definições):

1. 思念；懷念 (to think of; to miss someone)
2. 思考；考慮 (to ponder; to consider)
3. 念頭；想法 (a thought; an idea)
4. 憐憫；憐愛 (to pity; to show affection)
5. 唸；誦讀 (to recite; to read aloud)
6. 二十 (twenty — counting unit)
7. 佛教名詞，法相宗別境之一。指記憶 (Buddhist term: one of the five specific mental factors in Yogācāra; denotes memory/mindfulness)
8. 姓 (a surname)

Decomposição e formas antigas (hanziyuan)

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Componentes: 心 xīn (heart) + 今 jīn (phonetic: inverted-mouth, “now”) Significado original: to think of, or recite Shuowen (hanziyuan): 常思也從心今聲 Formas atestadas: Oracle 0 · Bronze 12 · Seal 1 (S07604) · Liushutong 5

Nota: variante 唸 (U+5538) existe para o sentido de “recitar” (口 mouth + 念 phonetic). Em Taiwan, 念 = pensar, 唸 = recitar em voz alta.

Shuowen Jiezi completo (shuowen.org)

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卷十 · 心部 · 反切: 奴店切 · 七部

說文: 常思也。从心今聲。(To think of constantly. From 心 “heart” with 今 jīn as phonetic.)

段注 Duan Yucai: 方言曰。念、思也。又曰。念、常思也。許云。懷、念思也。左傳引夏書曰。念茲在茲。釋茲在茲。名言茲在茲。允出茲在茲。惟帝念功。从心。今聲。奴店切。七部。

(The Fāngyán says: 念 means “to think.” It also says: 念 means “to think constantly.” Xǔ [Shèn] says: 懷 means “to think with longing” 念思. The Zuǒzhuàn cites the Book of Xia: “Think of this [念茲], be in this [在茲]. Explain this, be in this. Speak of this, be in this. Truly go forth from this, be in this. Only the Emperor thinks upon merit [惟帝念功].” From 心 “heart.” 今 is the phonetic. Fanqie: 奴店切. Rhyme group 7.)

Evolução de formas (xiaoxue yanbian)

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Shuowen (xiaoxue): 「念，常思也。从心，今聲。」

Fonologia (xiaoxue shangguyin)

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中古音 Middle Chinese (Guangyun):

• 攝 Division: 咸 Xián · 韻 Rhyme: 㮇 Tiǎn · 聲 Tone: 去 Departing · 母 Initial: 泥 Ní
• 反切 Fanqie: 奴店切 · 等 Grade: 四 4th · 開合 Open/Closed: 開 Open
• 清濁 Voicing: 次濁 Sonorant

上古音 Old Chinese:

• 高本漢 Karlgren: n- / iəm
• 王力 Wang Li: 侵部 Qīn, n- / iəm
• 董同龢 Dong Tonghe: 侵部 Qīn, n- / iəm
• 周法高 Zhou Fagao: 侵部 Qīn, n- / eəm
• 李方桂 Li Fanggui: 侵部 Qīn, n- / iəmh

國語 Mandarin IPA: nian

Divergências entre fontes

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Contagens de formas antigas: O hanziyuan lista 0 Oracle, 12 Bronze. O xiaoxue yanbian encontra 14 formas, incluindo 1 Oracle (Fú 福 2, Shang) que o hanziyuan não regista, e 4-5 Bronze. O xiaoxue atesta 念 já em Oracle — mais antigo do que o hanziyuan indica.

常思 vs. recitar vs. lembrar: O Shuowen define 念 como 常思 “pensar constantemente” — um estado mental duradouro, não momentâneo. O chardb def.5 e o MDBG listam “recitar” como sentido separado, que em Taiwan corresponde ao caractere distinto 唸. O chardb def.7 regista o uso budista (法相宗 Yogācāra): 念 como uma das cinco 別境 “funções mentais específicas”, designando 記憶 “memória/mindfulness” (skt. smṛti). Este sentido técnico não aparece nas outras fontes.

段注 e 念茲在茲: Duan Yucai cita o 夏書 (Book of Xia, via Zuǒzhuàn): 「念茲在茲。釋茲在茲。名言茲在茲。允出茲在茲。惟帝念功。」 — “Pensa nisto, está nisto. Explica isto, está nisto. Fala disto, está nisto. Procede verdadeiramente disto, está nisto. Só o Imperador pensa sobre o mérito.” Uma das mais antigas atestações literárias de 念 como pensamento contínuo e presente.

頭

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頭 — U+982D · 部首 radical: 頁 (page/head) · 總筆畫 strokes: 16 · 注音 zhuyin: ㄊㄡˊ · 拼音 pinyin: tóu / jyutping: tau4

Definições

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MDBG: head / hair style / the top / end / beginning or end / a stub / remnant / chief / boss / side / aspect / first / leading / classifier for pigs or livestock / (suffix for nouns)

CantoDict: tau4 — head, hair style, the top, end, beginning, stub, remnant, chief, boss, side, aspect, first, leading, classifier for pigs or livestock

chardb Academia Sinica (15 definições):

1. 人身體的最上部分或動物身體的最前部分 (uppermost part of human body or front of animal body)
2. 頭上的毛髮 (hair on the head)
3. 首領或負責人 (leader; person in charge)
4. 叩頭，傳統跪拜禮 (kòutóu: traditional kneeling prostration)
5. 物體的頂端或末端 (top or end of an object)
6. 物品殘餘的部分 (leftover/remnant portion)
7. 事情的起點、終點或次序；亦指開端 (beginning, end, or sequence of affairs; also: the start)
8. 賭博或買賣中的佣金或回扣 (commission/kickback in gambling or commerce)
9. 方言用法：接近、靠近 (dialect: to approach, to draw near)
10. 路途 (road, pathway)
11. 方面 (aspect, direction)
12. 用在數量詞之間，表示約略 (between numerals to indicate approximation)
13. 每月除十日、二十日、三十日外的日子 (days excluding the 10th, 20th, 30th of a month)
14. 量詞：計算人、牲畜禽魚、宴席、物件或動作的單位 (classifier for persons, livestock, fowl, fish, banquets, objects, actions)
15. 詞尾：接在名詞、動詞或方位詞之後 (suffix appended to nouns, verbs, or positional words)

Decomposição e formas antigas (hanziyuan)

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Componentes: 頁 yè (person-head, radical for head-related characters) + 豆 dòu (phonetic: ritual vessel) Significado original: head Shuowen (hanziyuan): 首也從頁豆聲 Formas atestadas: Oracle 0 · Bronze 1 (B13617) · Seal 1 (S06361) · Liushutong 3

Shuowen Jiezi completo (shuowen.org)

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卷九 · 頁部 · 反切: 度矦切 · 四部

說文: 首也。从頁豆聲。(The head. From 頁 “head” with 豆 dòu as phonetic.)

段注 Duan Yucai: 𦣻也。𦣻各本作𩠐。今正。小篆作𦣻。說文據小篆爲書。故敘曰今敘篆文合以古籒也。漢人多用𩠐不用𦣻者、自係一時相習而然。許造字書則有定體。𦣻下曰。頭也。頭下曰。𦣻也。是曰轉注。禮記曰。頭容直。頭頸必中。从𩑋。𩠐以䭫爲冣重。故字多从𩑋。豆聲。度侯切。四部。

(𦣻 [shǒu]. Various editions write 𩠐, now corrected. The small seal script writes 𦣻. The Shuowen is based on small seal forms, hence the preface says “we now arrange seal script together with ancient zhòu script.” The Han people mostly used 𩠐 instead of 𦣻, which was just the habit of the time. Xǔ Shèn, in creating the character dictionary, had fixed forms. Under 𦣻 it says “head” 頭. Under 頭 it says 𦣻. This is called “mutual commentary” 轉注 zhuǎnzhù. The Lǐjì says: “The head’s bearing must be upright. Head and neck must be centered.” From 頁. The head 𩠐 takes 䭫 as most important, hence characters often use 頁. 豆 is the phonetic. Fanqie: 度侯切. Rhyme group 4.)

Evolução de formas (xiaoxue yanbian)

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Shuowen (xiaoxue): 「頭，首也。从頁，豆聲。」

Fonologia (xiaoxue shangguyin)

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中古音 Middle Chinese (Guangyun):

• 攝 Division: 流 Liú · 韻 Rhyme: 侯 Hóu · 聲 Tone: 平 Level · 母 Initial: 定 Dìng
• 反切 Fanqie: 度侯切 · 等 Grade: 一 1st · 開合 Open/Closed: 開 Open
• 清濁 Voicing: 全濁 Voiced

上古音 Old Chinese:

• 高本漢 Karlgren: dʰ- / u
• 王力 Wang Li: 侯部 Hóu, d- / ɔ
• 董同龢 Dong Tonghe: 侯部 Hóu, dʰ- / ûɡ
• 周法高 Zhou Fagao: 侯部 Hóu, d- / ew
• 李方桂 Li Fanggui: 侯部 Hóu, d- / ug

國語 Mandarin IPA: tʰou

Divergências entre fontes

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Contagens de formas antigas: O hanziyuan lista 0 Oracle, 1 Bronze, 1 Seal. O xiaoxue yanbian encontra 9 formas: 1 Bronze (Spring & Autumn), 2 Warring States, 1 Shuowen, 1 Qin clerical, 2 Eastern Han clerical, 1 Western Han, 1 Sun Wu. Concordam em 0 Oracle — 頭 é relativamente tardio, a primeira atestação sendo Bronze do período Spring & Autumn.

段注 e a relação 頭↔首 como 轉注: Duan Yucai identifica a relação 頭↔首 como exemplo do princípio 轉注 zhuǎnzhù (“comentário mútuo”), um dos seis princípios de formação de caracteres do Shuowen: 首 diz “頭” e 頭 diz “首” — são sinónimos que se definem mutuamente. Este é um dos raros exemplos claros de 轉注 na tradição filológica.

頁 como radical de cabeça: Duan Yucai explica que 頁 (modernamente “página”) era originalmente o pictograma de uma pessoa com a cabeça enfatizada (𩠐), razão pela qual tantos caracteres ligados à cabeça usam este radical. A 段注 corrige edições que confundem 𦣻 (forma seal) com 𩠐 (forma Han), notando que Xǔ Shèn usava a forma seal como canónica.

Mudança de rima entre Old Chinese e Han: O shangguyin regista que 頭 pertence ao 侯部 no Old Chinese (pré-Qin), mas muda para 魚部 nos dois Han. Esta migração de rima sugere uma mudança vocálica durante o período Han.

Fonético 豆 e a leitura: 豆 dòu (ritual vessel/bean) como fonético de 頭 tóu parece distante no mandarim moderno, mas no Old Chinese ambos partilhavam o mesmo grupo de rima 侯部 com iniciais dentais (*d-), confirmando a relação fonética original.