Etimologia de Cham Kiu 尋橋 (Xún Qiáo / cam4 kiu4)
尋#
尋 — U+5C0B · 部首 radical: 寸 (inch/measure) · 總筆畫 strokes: 12 · 注音 zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄣˊ · 拼音 pinyin: xún / jyutping: cam4
Definições#
MDBG: to search / to look for / to seek
CantoDict: cam4 — to search; to look for; to seek. Compostos: 尋日 cam4 jat6 (yesterday), 尋晚 cam4 maan5 (last night), 尋常 cam4 soeng4 (usual, ordinary), 尋根 cam4 gan1 (to search for roots)
chardb Academia Sinica (22 definições):
- 古代長度單位，八尺為尋。一說七尺或六尺為尋 (ancient unit of length: 8 chǐ = 1 xún; some say 7 or 6 chǐ)
- 長 (long)
- 探究；研究 (to explore; to investigate)
- 搜求；找 (to search for; to find)
- 用 (to use)
- 討伐 (to punish militarily; to campaign against)
- 追逐 (to pursue; to chase)
- 攀緣 (to climb; to cling to)
- 重；重溫；重申 (to repeat; to revisit; to reaffirm)
- 繼續；連續 (to continue; to carry on)
- 木名。後作「樳」 (a tree name; later written 樳)
- 大竹名。後作「(竹尋)」 (a large bamboo name)
- 遂 (thereupon; then)
- 副詞。①相當於「經常」、「時常」。②相當於「頓時」、「不久」 (adverb: (1) frequently, often; (2) soon, before long)
- 介詞。表示處所或方位，相當於「沿著」、「順著」 (preposition: along, following — indicating place or direction)
- 通「憛」。思 (interchangeable with 憛: to think, to ponder)
- 通「覃」。延長；延伸 (interchangeable with 覃: to extend; to prolong)
- 通「淫」。浸淫；漸染 (interchangeable with 淫: to soak; to gradually permeate)
- 通「什」 (interchangeable with 什)
- 用同「循」 (used as 循: to follow)
- 姓 (a surname)
- 用於口語 (used in colloquial speech)
Decomposição e formas antigas (hanziyuan)#
Componentes: 左 zuǒ (left hand, from 寸 cùn + 工 gōng) + 右 yòu (right hand, from ⺕ yòu) + 彡 shān (measure/streaks) Significado original: to measure, to search (两手张开量尺或席子 — two hands spreading a tape measure or mat; 八尺一寻 — 8 feet = 1 xún) Shuowen (hanziyuan): 繹理也從工從口從又從寸 Formas atestadas: Oracle 22 · Bronze 0 · Seal 0 · Liushutong 11
Shuowen Jiezi completo (shuowen.org)#
卷三 · 寸部 · 反切: 徐林切 · 七部
說文: 繹理也。从工从口从又从寸。工、口，亂也。又、寸，分理之。彡聲。此與𤕦同意。度，人之兩臂爲尋，八尺也。
(To unravel and put in order. From 工 and 口: these represent disorder. From 又 and 寸: these represent sorting and ordering. 彡 shān is the phonetic. This has the same meaning as 𤕦. As a measure, the span of a person’s two arms is one 尋, which equals eight chǐ.)
段注 Duan Yucai: 謂抽繹而治之。凡治亂必得其緒而後設法治之。引伸之義爲長。方言曰。尋長也。海岱大野之閒曰尋。自關而西秦晉梁益之閒凡物長謂之尋。周官之法度廣爲尋。古文禮假尋爲燅。有司徹乃燅屍俎注。燅、温也。古文燅皆作尋。記或作尋。春秋傳。若可尋也。亦可寒也。案左傳服注。尋之言重也、温也。論語。何注。温、尋也。互相發明。俗本禮注作燖誤。从工口。从又寸。工口、亂也。又寸、分理之也。彡聲。徐林切。七部。此與𤕦同意。說見𤕦下。此別一義。亦因从寸及之。考工記曰。澮廣二尋。
(To draw out threads and put them in order. Whenever one deals with disorder, one must first find the end of the thread, then set about putting it right. By extension it means “long.” The Fāngyán says: 尋 means “long.” Between the sea and Mount Dai, in the great open lands, they say 尋. West of the passes, in Qin, Jin, Liang, and Yi, anything long is called 尋. In the Offices of Zhou, the standard width-measure is the 尋. In the ancient text of the Rites, 尋 is used as a loan for 燅 “to warm.” The Yǒusī chè passage: “then warm the sacrificial meat on the chopping block.” Note: 燅 means “to warm.” In the ancient text, 燅 is always written 尋. In the Zuo Tradition: “If it can be warmed (尋), it can also be made cold.” Fú’s note on the Zuǒzhuàn: 尋 means “to repeat” and “to warm.” Hé’s note on the Lúnyǔ: “warm” 温 means 尋. These illuminate each other. The vulgar edition of the Rites writes 燖, which is wrong. From 工 and 口; from 又 and 寸. 工口 = disorder; 又寸 = sorting it out. 彡 is the phonetic. Fanqie: 徐林切. Rhyme group 7. “This has the same meaning as 𤕦” — see under 𤕦. This is a separate meaning, also touched upon because of the 寸 component. The Kǎogōngjì says: “the irrigation ditch is two 尋 wide.”)
Evolução de formas (xiaoxue yanbian)#
| Período | Script | Fonte/Artefato |
|---|---|---|
| Shang 商 | Oracle 甲骨文 | Yì 佚 831 |
| Shang 商 | Oracle 甲骨文 | Cuì 粹 30 |
| Late Shang 商代晚期 | Bronze 金文 | Yàfùyǐ guǐ 亞父乙簋 (Father Yǐ vessel) |
| Late Western Zhou 西周晚期 | Bronze 金文 | Wǔnián diāoshēng zūn 五年琱生尊 (5th-year Diāoshēng vessel) |
| Early Spring & Autumn 春秋早期 | Bronze 金文 | Shěngzhòng zhī sūn guǐ 眚仲之孫簋 (Grandson of Shěngzhòng vessel) |
| Early Spring & Autumn 春秋早期 | Bronze 金文 | Xúnzhòng yí 尋仲匜 (Xúnzhòng ewer) |
| Warring States 戰國 · Chu 楚 | Bamboo slip | Guodian 郭店 · Xìngzì 性自 slip 65 |
| Shuowen 說文 · Inch radical 寸部 | Seal script 篆書 | Shuowen Jiezi |
| Western Han 西漢 | Clerical 隸書 | Lǎozǐ yǐ 老子乙 slip 229 upper |
| Western Han 西漢 | Clerical 隸書 | Jūyán jiǎn 居延簡 slip 甲628A |
| Han 漢 | Seal (from prints) | Hànyìn zhēng 漢印徵 |
| Eastern Han 東漢 | Clerical 隸書 | Héngfāng bēi 衡方碑 (Héngfāng Stele) |
| Eastern Han 東漢 | Clerical 隸書 | Xiàchéng bēi 夏承碑 (Xiàchéng Stele) |
| Cao Wei 曹魏 | Clerical 隸書 | Wèi Kǒngxiàn bēi 魏孔羨碑 (Wei Kǒngxiàn Stele) |
Shuowen (xiaoxue): 「尋，繹理也。从工，从口，从又，从寸。工、口，亂也；又、寸，分理之。彡聲。此與𤕦同意。度人之兩臂為尋，八尺也。」
Fonologia (xiaoxue shangguyin)#
中古音 Middle Chinese (Guangyun):
- 攝 Division: 深 Shēn · 韻 Rhyme: 侵 Qīn · 聲 Tone: 平 Level · 母 Initial: 邪 Xié
- 反切 Fanqie: 徐林切 · 等 Grade: 三 3rd · 開合 Open/Closed: 開 Open
- 清濁 Voicing: 全濁 Voiced
上古音 Old Chinese:
- 高本漢 Karlgren: dz- / i̯əm
- 王力 Wang Li: 侵部 Qīn, z- / ǐəm
- 董同龢 Dong Tonghe: 侵部 Qīn, z- / jəm
- 周法高 Zhou Fagao: 侵部 Qīn, r- / jiəm
- 李方桂 Li Fanggui: 侵部 Qīn, r- / jəm
國語 Mandarin IPA: ɕyn
Divergências entre fontes#
Contagens de formas antigas — hanziyuan vs xiaoxue: O hanziyuan lista 22 Oracle, 0 Bronze, 0 Seal. O xiaoxue yanbian encontra 14 formas: 2 Oracle (Shang), 4 Bronze (Late Shang a Spring & Autumn), 1 Warring States Chu, 1 Shuowen, 4 Han clerical, 1 Han seal print, 1 Cao Wei clerical. A divergência é notável: o hanziyuan tem 22 Oracle mas 0 Bronze, enquanto o xiaoxue tem menos Oracle mas identifica 4 Bronze que o hanziyuan não regista. As fontes usam corpora diferentes.
Significado primário — desenredar vs. medir vs. buscar: O Shuowen dá como sentido primário 繹理 “desenredar e pôr em ordem” (não “buscar”). A medida de 8 chǐ (八尺) aparece como sentido secundário no Shuowen. O chardb def.1 lista primeiro a unidade de medida. O MDBG e CantoDict listam “to search” como sentido principal — o mais moderno. O hanziyuan diz “to measure, to search.” A 段注 esclarece: o sentido original é têxtil (puxar o fio do novelo para desembaraçar), e “longo” é extensão; “buscar” é derivação posterior.
段注 e o empréstimo 尋=燅: Duan Yucai nota um empréstimo fonético antigo: nos textos clássicos dos Ritos, 尋 substitui 燅 “aquecer” (como em aquecer a carne do sacrifício). A passagem do Zuǒzhuàn 「若可尋也，亦可寒也」 confirma: “se pode ser aquecido (尋), também pode ser arrefecido.” Este uso é completamente ausente do MDBG e do chardb.
Decomposição — ideográfica complexa: O Shuowen decompõe 尋 em quatro componentes ideográficos (工+口 = desordem; 又+寸 = pôr em ordem) com 彡 como fonético. O hanziyuan interpreta como duas mãos (左+右) estendendo uma fita de medir. São leituras complementares: o Shuowen é abstracto-moral (ordem a partir do caos), o hanziyuan é concreto-gestual (medir com os braços abertos).
Fonologia — inicial Old Chinese: Zhou Fagao e Li Fanggui reconstroem *r-, enquanto Karlgren dá *dz- e Wang Li/Dong Tonghe dão *z-. A fricativa/aproximante *r- é mais recente na reconstrução e explica melhor a evolução para 邪 Xié no Middle Chinese.
橋#
橋 — U+6A4B · 部首 radical: 木 (wood) · 總筆畫 strokes: 16 · 注音 zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄠˊ · 拼音 pinyin: qiáo / jyutping: kiu4
Definições#
MDBG: bridge / CL: 座 zuò
CantoDict: kiu4 — bridge. Compostos: 橋躉 kiu4 dan2 (bridge pier), 橋樑 kiu4 loeng4 (bridge), 橋段 kiu4 dyun6 (passage, scene), 橋頭 kiu4 tau4 (bridgehead), 橋牌 kiu4 paai2 (contract bridge)
chardb Academia Sinica (14 definições):
- 橋梁，架在水上或空中以便通行的建築物 (a bridge: structure spanning water or air for passage)
- 器物上的橫梁 (horizontal beam on implements)
- 木名 (a tree name)
- 通「喬」。高 (interchangeable with 喬: tall, high)
- 姓 (a surname)
- 桔槔，井上汲水的工具。或指桔槔上的衡 (jié gāo: well-sweep for drawing water, or its balance beam)
- 通「憍」。驕傲；驕矜 (interchangeable with 憍: arrogance, pride)
- 牛貫鼻木 (nose peg for cattle)
- 泥地或雪地上行走的乘具 (vehicle for walking on mud or snow)
- 通「㞤」。山行用具 (interchangeable with 㞤: mountain travel equipment)
- 通「矯」。①矯正。②偽，虛假 (interchangeable with 矯: (1) to correct/rectify; (2) fake, false)
- 勁疾 (forceful, swift)
- 通「槁」。乾枯 (interchangeable with 槁: dried, withered)
- 〔橋梓〕。比喻父子 (橋梓 qiáo zǐ: metaphor for father and son)
Decomposição e formas antigas (hanziyuan)#
Componentes: 木 mù (tree) + 喬 qiáo (phonetic: building-tall) Significado original: bridge Shuowen (hanziyuan): 水粱也從木喬聲 Formas atestadas: Oracle 0 · Bronze 0 · Seal 1 (S04348) · Liushutong 8
Shuowen Jiezi completo (shuowen.org)#
卷六 · 木部 · 反切: 巨驕切 · 二部
說文: 水梁也。从木喬聲。(A beam over water. From 木 “wood” with 喬 qiáo as phonetic.)
段注 Duan Yucai: 水梁者、水中之梁也。梁者、宮室所以關舉南北者也。然其字本從水。則橋梁其本義而棟梁其假借也。凡獨木者曰杠。騈木者曰橋。大而爲陂陀者曰橋。古者挈臯曰井橋。曲禮。奉席如橋衡。讀若居廟反。取高舉之義也。從木。喬聲。巨驕切。二部。
(水梁 means “a beam in water.” 梁 is what spans north-south in a palace hall. But since the character originally derives from water, then 橋梁 “bridge” is the original meaning and 棟梁 “ridgepole/pillar” is the borrowed meaning. A single log crossing is called 杠 gàng. Paired logs are called 橋. A large one forming a slope is also called 橋. In ancient times, the well-sweep was called 井橋 “well-bridge.” In the Qūlǐ [Book of Rites]: “Present the mat as if it were a 橋衡 bridge-beam” — read as jū miào fǎn — taking the meaning of “raising high.” From 木 “wood.” 喬 is the phonetic. Fanqie: 巨驕切. Rhyme group 2.)
Evolução de formas (xiaoxue yanbian)#
| Período | Script | Fonte/Artefato |
|---|---|---|
| Warring States 戰國 · Qin 秦 | Bamboo slip | Zhēnqín 珍秦 slip 106 |
| Shuowen 說文 · Wood radical 木部 | Seal script 篆書 | Shuowen Jiezi |
| Qin 秦 | Clerical 隸書 | Shuihudi 睡虎地 slip 47.40 |
| Eastern Han 東漢 | Clerical 隸書 | Shímén sòng 石門頌 (Stone Gate Eulogy) |
| Eastern Han 東漢 | Clerical 隸書 | Mèng Xiàojū bēi 孟孝琚碑 (Mèng Xiàojū Stele) |
Shuowen (xiaoxue): 「橋，水梁也。从木，喬聲。」
Fonologia (xiaoxue shangguyin)#
中古音 Middle Chinese (Guangyun):
- 攝 Division: 效 Xiào · 韻 Rhyme: 宵 Xiāo · 聲 Tone: 平 Level · 母 Initial: 羣 Qún
- 反切 Fanqie: 巨嬌切 · 等 Grade: 三 3rd · 開合 Open/Closed: 開 Open
- 清濁 Voicing: 全濁 Voiced
上古音 Old Chinese:
- 高本漢 Karlgren: ɡʰ- / i̯oɡ
- 王力 Wang Li: 宵部 Xiāo, g- / ǐau
- 董同龢 Dong Tonghe: 宵部 Xiāo, ɡʰ- / jɔ̆ɡ
- 周法高 Zhou Fagao: 宵部 Xiāo, ɡ- / iaw
- 李方桂 Li Fanggui: 宵部 Xiāo, g- / jagw
國語 Mandarin IPA: tɕʰiau
Divergências entre fontes#
Contagens de formas antigas: O hanziyuan regista 0 Oracle, 0 Bronze, 1 Seal, 8 Liushutong. O xiaoxue yanbian encontra 5 formas: 1 Warring States Qin (bamboo slip), 1 Shuowen Seal, 1 Qin clerical (Shuihudi 睡虎地), 2 Eastern Han clerical. Concordam em 0 Oracle/Bronze — 橋 é um caractere tardio, sem atestação pré-Warring States.
段注 e a tipologia das pontes: Duan Yucai distingue três tipos: 杠 gàng (tronco único), 橋 (troncos emparelhados), e 橋 grande (formando rampa/encosta). Também liga 橋 ao poço (井橋 “well-bridge”, o mecanismo de contrapeso para tirar água). Estas acepções técnicas correspondem às def.6 (桔槔 well-sweep) e def.8 (牛貫鼻木 nose peg for cattle) do chardb, que são extensões do conceito de “travessa” — todas ausentes do MDBG.
Acepções exclusivas do chardb: Várias definições do chardb não aparecem no MDBG: def.4 (alto, via 喬), def.7 (arrogância, via 憍), def.8 (argola nasal de boi), def.9 (veículo para lama/neve), def.10 (equipamento de montanha), def.11 (corrigir/falsificar, via 矯), def.12 (forte e rápido), def.13 (seco, via 槁), def.14 (橋梓 = metáfora pai-filho). Seis destas são empréstimos fonéticos (通), mostrando a polivalência do grupo fonético 喬.
橋梁 como sentido original vs. derivado: Duan Yucai argumenta explicitamente que 橋梁 “ponte” é o sentido original (本義) e 棟梁 “pilar/coluna-mestra” é empréstimo (假借). Isto inverte a intuição moderna que vê “viga” como mais básico que “ponte.”
Leitura cantonesa: CantoDict confirma kiu4, consistente com o inicial 羣 Qún (voiced velar) do Guangyun e as reconstruções *g- do Old Chinese.