Etimologia de Biu Ji 標指 (Biāo Zhǐ / biu1 zi2)
標#
標 — U+6A19 · 部首 radical: 木 (wood) · 總筆畫 strokes: 15 · 注音 zhuyin: ㄅㄧㄠ · 拼音 pinyin: biāo / jyutping: biu1
Definições#
MDBG: mark / sign / label / to mark with a symbol, label, lettering etc / to bear (a brand name, registration number etc) / prize / award / bid / target / quota / (old) the topmost branches of a tree / visible symptom / classifier for military units
CantoDict: biu1 — bid, tender, offer / to classify / the topmost branches of a tree / surface / sign / to mark / indication / prize / award
chardb Academia Sinica (24 definições):
- 樹梢。也泛指末梢 (tips of tree branches; by extension, terminal ends)
- 頂端 (apex, top)
- 柱竿之類 (pillars and poles)
- 旗幟 (flags, banners)
- 指事物非根本性的一面。與「本」相對 (superficial aspect of things — opposite of 本 “root/fundamental”)
- 古代指北斗七星的第五至第七星 (ancient: stars 5–7 of the Big Dipper)
- 始。與「終」相對 (beginning — opposite of 終 “end”)
- 標舉；樹立 (to raise up; to establish)
- 顯出；表明 (to display; to manifest)
- 標志；記號 (mark; symbol)
- 署名；書題 (signature; title inscription)
- 用比價方式發包工程或買賣貨物的手續 (bidding procedures for contracts or goods)
- 清代軍隊編制的名稱 (Qing dynasty military unit designation)
- 古代兵器名 (ancient weapon name)
- 榜樣；準的 (model; standard)
- 格調；風度 (style; bearing)
- 標致；美好 (elegant; beautiful)
- 威風；脾氣 (imposing manner; temperament)
- 擊；擊殺 (to strike; to kill)
- 木名 (a tree name)
- 緊緊盯住 (to stare fixedly)
- 落 (to fall)
- 授給競賽中優勝者的獎勵品 (prize awarded to competition winners)
- 能出眾，很有本事的樣子 (outstanding ability; capable appearance)
Decomposição e formas antigas (hanziyuan)#
Componentes: 木 mù (tree) + 票 piào (phonetic, from 示 shì + 𤐫 piào “fire-warming-hands”) Significado original: a sign (made of wood) Shuowen (hanziyuan): 木杪末也從木票聲 Formas atestadas: Oracle 0 · Bronze 0 · Seal 1 (S04129) · Liushutong 2
Shuowen Jiezi completo (shuowen.org)#
卷六 · 木部 · 反切: 敷沼切
說文: 木杪末也。从木𤐫聲。(The fine tips of tree branches. From 木 “wood” with 𤐫 piào as phonetic.)
段注 Duan Yucai: 木杪末也。杪末、謂末之細者也。古謂木未曰本標。如素問有標本病傳論是也。亦作本剽。如莊子云有長而無本剽者是也。標在最上。故引伸之義曰標舉。肆師。表齍盛告絜。注云。故書表爲剽。剽表皆謂微識也。按表剽皆同標。從木。票聲。敷沼切。二部。
(The fine tips of tree branches — 杪末 refers to the thinnest extremity. In ancient usage, the root-and-tip pair was called 本標, as in the Suwen’s “Treatise on the Transmission of Root-and-Branch Diseases.” Also written 本剽, as in Zhuangzi: “having length but neither root nor tip.” 標 sits at the very top, so by extension it means “to raise up, to highlight” 標舉. In the Sishi [ritual officer section of the Zhouli], 表齍盛告絜, with the commentary noting that the old text wrote 表 as 剽; both 剽 and 表 mean “a subtle mark.” Note: 表, 剽, and 標 are all the same word. From 木, with 票 as phonetic. Fanqie: 敷沼切. Rhyme group 2.)
Evolução de formas (xiaoxue yanbian)#
| Período | Script | Fonte/Artefato |
|---|---|---|
| Warring States 戰國 · Chu 楚 | Bamboo slip | Guodian 郭店 · Zīyī 緇衣 slip 15 |
| Warring States 戰國 · Chu 楚 | Bamboo slip | Baoshan 包山 2.86 |
| Shuowen 說文 · Wood radical 木部 | Seal script 篆書 | Shuowen Jiezi |
Shuowen (xiaoxue): 「𣠙，木杪末也，从木𤐫聲。」(𣠙, the fine tips of tree branches. From 木 “wood” with 𤐫 as phonetic.)
Comentários de estudiosos:
- 《字彙·木部》: 「𣠙，古文標字。」(𣠙 is the ancient form of the character 標.)
Fonologia (xiaoxue shangguyin)#
中古音 Middle Chinese (Guangyun):
- 攝 Division: 效 Xiào · 韻 Rhyme: 宵 Xiāo · 聲 Tone: 平 Level · 母 Initial: 幫 Bāng
- 反切 Fanqie: 甫遙切 (又 bǐxiǎo 必小切) · 等 Grade: 三 3rd · 開合 Open/Closed: 開 Open
- 清濁 Voicing: 全清 Voiceless unaspirated
上古音 Old Chinese:
- 高本漢 Karlgren: p- / i̯oɡ
- 王力 Wang Li: 宵部 Xiāo, p- / ǐau
- 董同龢 Dong Tonghe: 宵部 Xiāo, p- / jɔɡ
- 周法高 Zhou Fagao: 宵部 Xiāo, p- / jiaw
- 李方桂 Li Fanggui: 宵部 Xiāo, p- / jiagw
國語 Mandarin IPA: piau
Divergências entre fontes#
Significado primário — ponta vs. marca: O Shuowen e chardb def.1 concordam no sentido primário: 木杪末 “pontas finas dos galhos” — o topo da árvore. O MDBG e CantoDict listam “mark/sign” como sentido principal, que é extensão semântica. O hanziyuan lista “meaning a sign” como significado original, divergindo do Shuowen. A 段注 de Duan Yucai esclarece a cadeia: a ponta está no topo (最上), por isso 標 passa a significar “destacar, sinalizar” (標舉), e daí “marca” (標志). A raiz é a ponta, não a marca.
Contagens de formas antigas: O hanziyuan regista 0 Oracle, 0 Bronze, 1 Seal. O xiaoxue yanbian encontra 3 formas: 2 em bamboo slips do período Warring States (estado de Chu 楚) + 1 Seal do Shuowen. O xiaoxue é mais preciso — atesta que 標 já existia em escrita Chu antes da unificação Qin, dado que o hanziyuan omite.
段注 e a equivalência 標=表=剽: Duan Yucai argumenta que 標, 表 e 剽 são a mesma palavra (「表剽皆同標」), todas significando “marca sutil” (微識). Isto não aparece em nenhuma outra fonte consultada e é uma contribuição filológica específica da 段注.
Acepções exclusivas do chardb: Várias definições do chardb não aparecem no MDBG: def.6 (estrelas do Big Dipper), def.14 (arma antiga), def.19 (golpear/matar), def.21 (fitar fixamente), def.22 (cair). São acepções literárias/clássicas ausentes dos dicionários modernos.
指#
指 — U+6307 · 部首 radical: 手 (hand) · 總筆畫 strokes: 9 · 注音 zhuyin: ㄓˇ · 拼音 pinyin: zhǐ / jyutping: zi2
Definições#
MDBG: finger / to point at or to / to indicate or refer to / to depend on / to count on / (of hair) to stand on end
CantoDict: zi2 — finger / to point at or to / to indicate or refer to / to depend on / to count on / (of hair) to stand on end
chardb Academia Sinica (14 definições):
- 手指 (finger of the hand)
- 足指 (toe of the foot)
- 用手指向某一方向 (to point at; to point toward)
- 朝向一定的目標 (to move toward a definite goal)
- 豎起；翹起 (to stand upright; to raise up)
- 指示；教示 (to indicate; to instruct)
- 言說；告知 (to speak; to inform)
- 指責；指斥 (to criticize; to censure)
- 誣指；誣陷 (to falsely accuse; to implicate)
- 一指的寬度，計量深度、廣度的單位 (a finger’s width — unit of measurement for depth/breadth)
- 古代哲學概念，指事物的共性、概念或所指 (ancient philosophical concept: the common nature, concept, or reference of things)
- 同「黹」，縫紉刺繡 (variant of 黹 zhǐ: sewing, embroidery)
- 意旨；意思 (meaning; intention)
- 同「旨」，美好 (same as 旨 zhǐ: excellent, fine)
Decomposição e formas antigas (hanziyuan)#
Componentes: 扌 shǒu (hand-left) + 旨 zhǐ (phonetic: mouth-taste-purpose) Significado original: finger Shuowen (hanziyuan): 手指也從手旨聲 Formas atestadas: Oracle 0 · Bronze 0 · Seal 1 (S08815) · Liushutong 6
Shuowen Jiezi completo (shuowen.org)#
卷十二 · 手部 · 反切: 職雉切 · 十五部
說文: 手指也。从手旨聲。(The finger of the hand. From 手 “hand” with 旨 zhǐ as phonetic.)
段注 Duan Yucai: 手指也。手非指不爲用。大指曰巨指、曰巨擘。次曰食指、曰啑鹽指。中曰將指。次曰無名指。次曰小指。叚借爲恉。心部曰。恉、意也。从手。旨聲。職雉切。十五部。
(The finger of the hand. The hand is useless without fingers. The thumb is called 巨指 “great finger” or 巨擘 “great thumb.” Next is 食指 “eating finger” (index), also called 啑鹽指 “salt-pinching finger.” The middle is called 將指 “commander finger.” Next is 無名指 “nameless finger” (ring finger). Then 小指 “little finger.” By phonetic loan 指 is borrowed for 恉; the Heart radical section says: 恉 means “intent, meaning” 意. From 手 “hand” with 旨 as phonetic. Fanqie: 職雉切. Rhyme group 15.)
Evolução de formas (xiaoxue yanbian)#
| Período | Script | Fonte/Artefato |
|---|---|---|
| Warring States 戰國 · Chu 楚 | Bamboo slip | Guodian 郭店 · Xìngzì 性自 slip 28 |
| Shuowen 說文 · Hand radical 手部 | Seal script 篆書 | Shuowen Jiezi |
| Qin 秦 | Clerical 隸書 | Shuihudi 睡虎地 · Fǎlǜ 法律 slip 149 |
| Qin 秦 | Clerical 隸書 | Zúbì jiǔjīng 足臂灸經 slip 7 |
| Eastern Han 東漢 | Clerical 隸書 | Báishí shénjūn bēi 白石神君碑 (White Stone Spirit Lord Stele) |
| Eastern Han 東漢 | Clerical 隸書 | Kǒng Qiān bēi 孔謙碑 (Kong Qian Stele) |
Shuowen (xiaoxue): 「指，手指也。从手，旨聲。」(指, the finger of the hand. From 手 “hand” with 旨 as phonetic.)
Fonologia (xiaoxue shangguyin)#
中古音 Middle Chinese (Guangyun):
- 攝 Division: 止 Zhǐ · 韻 Rhyme: 旨 Zhǐ · 聲 Tone: 上 Rising · 母 Initial: 章 Zhāng
- 反切 Fanqie: 職雉切 · 等 Grade: 三 3rd · 開合 Open/Closed: 開 Open
- 清濁 Voicing: 全清 Voiceless unaspirated
上古音 Old Chinese:
- 高本漢 Karlgren: ȶ- / i̯ər
- 王力 Wang Li: 脂部 Zhī, ȶ- / ǐei
- 董同龢 Dong Tonghe: 脂部 Zhī, c- / jed
- 周法高 Zhou Fagao: 脂部 Zhī, t- / jier
- 李方桂 Li Fanggui: 脂部 Zhī, k- / rjidx
國語 Mandarin IPA: tʂʅ
Divergências entre fontes#
Contagens de formas antigas: O hanziyuan regista 0 Oracle, 0 Bronze, 1 Seal, 6 Liushutong. O xiaoxue yanbian encontra 6 formas históricas: 1 Warring States Chu, 1 Shuowen Seal, 2 Qin clerical (incluindo o Shuihudi 睡虎地), 2 Eastern Han clerical. O xiaoxue é mais granular e historicamente preciso.
段注 e os nomes dos cinco dedos: A 段注 de 指 preserva a nomenclatura clássica completa — 巨指/巨擘 (polegar), 食指/啑鹽指 (indicador, “dedo de beliscar sal”), 將指 (médio, “dedo comandante”), 無名指 (anelar), 小指 (mínimo). O termo 啑鹽指 para o indicador é particularmente raro.
Empréstimo fonético 指→恉: Duan Yucai nota que 指 foi emprestado foneticamente (叚借) para 恉 “intenção, significado” — confirmando que o uso filosófico de 指 (chardb def.11: conceito/referência) deriva de empréstimo fonético, não de extensão semântica do dedo.
Fonologia — divergência nos iniciais Old Chinese: Li Fanggui reconstrói o inicial como *k-, divergindo de Karlgren/Wang Li (*ȶ-), Dong Tonghe (*c-) e Zhou Fagao (*t-). Li Fanggui propõe uma velar onde os outros propõem dental/palatal — característico do seu sistema, onde as retroflexas do Middle Chinese derivam de velares Old Chinese.
Leitura cantonesa: CantoDict confirma zi2, consistente com os dados fonológicos do shangguyin.